Browse the glossary using this index
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BACK-UP REINFORCER: An object or event that already has demonstrated its capability to
reinforce an individual's behavior. It is received in exchange for
a specific number of tokens, points, or other exchangeable
reinforcers. For example, points might be exchanged for the
back-up reinforcer of free time. 10 |
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BACKUP REINFORCER:
A reinforcer that may be received in exchange for a token. (See token economy.)
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BACKUP REINFORCER:
is any reinforcing event that makes a conditioned reinforcer or a generalize reinforcer effective. When a person obtains a conditioned or generalized reinforcer, he or she can exchange it for other reinforcers. These reinforcers are called backups.
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BACKWARD CHAINING:
A method used to train a chained performance. The basic idea is to first train behavior that is closest to primary reinforcement; once responding is established, links in the chain that are farther and farther from primary reinforcement are added. Each link in the chain is reinforced by the SD (which is also a conditioned reinforcer) that signals the next component in the sequence.
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BACKWARD CHAINING:
The establishment of the final link in a stimulus-response chain, with the addition of successive links until the first link is acquired.
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BACKWARD CHAINING:
A chaining procedure that begins with the last element in the chain and progresses to the first element.
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BACKWARD CHAINING PROCEDURE:
Effecting the development of a behavioral chain of responses by reinforcing the last response, element, or link in the chain first; the last two next, and so on, until the entire chain is emitted as a single complex behavior. 20
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BACKWARD CONDITIONING: In the respondent procedure backward
conditioning, the US comes on before the CS. The general
consensus has been that backward
conditioning is unreliable, and many researchers question
whether it occurs at all. |
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BACKWARD CONDITIONING:
Respondent conditioning in which the CS follows rather than precedes the US. This procedure can be effective with aversive stimuli but is otherwise usually ineffective.
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BAIT-SHYNESS:
see TASTE AVERSION
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