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RANDOM CONTROL : A procedure for presenting two stimuli randomly in time, as a baseline against which to compare the effects of stimulus-stimulus contingencies. The random presentations are usually arranged in the context of a sequence of pseudotrials and therefore typically include incidental stimulus-stimulus contiguities as well as presentations of each stimulus alone.

random interval : See VALSCHMULE.

Random ratio : See RATIO SCHEDULE.

RANDOM-RATIO SCHEDULE : see RATIO SCHEDULE.

RANDOMNESS : Variability generated by a process that produces events completely independent of one another, in the sense that none can be predicted from any of the others. It is a property of a distribution of events (or the process that generates the distribution); no single event can be random.

RANGE : The highest and lowest values of a data set.

RATE : The average frequency of behavior emitted during a standard unit of time. Formula. Number of responses divided by the number of time units. For example, if 20 responses occur in 5 minutes, the rate is 4 responses per minute. 4

RATE : A compound dimensional quantity describing the average number of events per unit of time. Calculated by dividing total count by either total IRT or by the total time during which the responses occurred (i.e., 20 responses in 4 minutes equals 5 responses per minute). Also called frequency.

RATE : The number of times something occurs within a specified time period. Rates of behavior are often reported in "responses per minute," "responses per hour," or "responses per day."

RATE DEPENDENCY : Changes in the magnitude and perhaps direction of effect of a variable that depend on baseline response rate, especially in reference to drug effects (e.g., as when some drug dose increases low response rates but decreases high ones).

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